life skills

  • How you negative mind is labeling and mislabeling yourself and other people

    A child accidentally spills milk and the next thing s/he hears is “you’re so clumsy” or maybe even “you’re my clumsy little baby” with a kind, cynical voice. Then s/he hears it again and again and again, and soon s/he starts to believe that s/he really is clumsy.

    Every small ineptitude that happens later in the adult age makes the person feel horrible, enforcing the clumsiness label even further.

    I see it all the time, how people label themselves without any solid proof:

    • I’m not that smart
    • I constantly make mistakes
    • I’m not a practical type of person
    • I’m not good with technology
    • I’m bad at sports

    And they label other people too:

    • He’s a jerk
    • He’s irresponsible
    • She’s weird

    There are two options when it comes to labeling yourself or others. A label might be complete fiction. Just a falsely installed belief that has nothing to do with reality. Or there really is some behavioral drawback present, but by labeling you make that one single behavior into a characteristic and apply it to the person as a whole.

    Both types of labeling (or name-calling) bring nothing but negative thoughts and energy in your life.

    The measure of a man is the mistakes he makes. That’s something your negative mind would say.

    A negative self-label might be complete fiction

    Many times, a label is complete fiction. For example, a parent decided to label the child as a clumsy one, based on completely perfectionistic expectations. In their mind, other babies never spilled any milk. Not even once.

    So even a small error seems like solid proof for the negative label. Perfectionism has zero tolerance for any small errors, which are in reality part of everyday human life.

    The adult person might then be as “clumsy” as any other human being. But when they break a glass, get a flat tire, don’t score a goal or any other thing happens to them that’s a pretty normal part of life, the feeling that they are the clumsiest creature on Earth resurfaces. An emotional flashback happens.

    If the error happens in the presence of other people, they explain the label to other people – “I was always a little bit clumsy” or something like that. With every such explanation, they only reinforce their negative self-image.

    People who aren’t observant might even believe them, but the observant ones are confused a little bit, because they don’t see any proof for such a negative label.

    Make sure you find solid proof for every negative self-label you have:

    • Do you statistically spill milk more often than the average person?
    • Do you statistically make more mistakes than the average person?
    • Are there really zero practical tasks you can accomplish?
    • If you took a 100-hour technology class, how far would you really get?
    • Is there not a single sport you’re really good at?

    Don’t equate yourself with a single event or situation. Don’t believe everything your parents told you. Nobody is perfect. As we said, there is no perfection in real life.

    Well, some things might really not be your forte. But maybe you are good enough. Which is just fine. Then there’s no need for a negative label.

    A negative label is the most convenient way to protect your ego

    We love to give negative labels to other people, especially when we need to protect our ego and minimize other people’s accomplishments. Negative labels are a great way to throw shit at other people and feel a little bit better about ourselves.

    If a person is emotionally immature, then more successful and competent people irritate their ego. Every person who’s better at something is a source of humiliation; at the end of the day, they’re better at something.

    Thus, ego tries to protect the immature ones. And then we hear expressions like:

    • She might be beautiful, but she’s definitely stupid.
    • He did make a lot of money, but he must be so greedy.
    • He did win the competition, but he was probably cheating.
    • She was promoted, but she’s a really bad person.

    Sour grapes, sweet lemons and negative labels are ways to protect your ego when you encounter people that have more of something than you.

    Sour grapes refer to self-deception where you make things that you want but don’t have less desirable, and with sweet lemons, you make things that you do have but are not that important to you more desirable. And with negative labels you make other people shine less than they do deserve.

    You can’t be the best at everything. And there is enough for everyone. If you want more of something, go get it. Try to be happy for others when they win. And soon there won’t be any need for negative labels. Don’t create hostility with negative labels.

    Cognitive distortion - Labeling

    When a label is not based in fiction

    Not all labels are based in fiction. Sometimes a label can be based on some solid proof. The problem occurs when we apply one single characteristic to the person as a whole.

    • Because he’s late sometimes, he must be irresponsible.
    • Because he doesn’t use a fax machine, he must be bad with technology.

    You make assumptions about the person based on one event, fact or a single piece of information. But what if your assumption is completely wrong?

    What if he’s not irresponsible because he’s late, he’s only going through a really hectic period in his life. You know that wrong assumptions are the mother of all fuckups, so never make assumptions about people too fast.

    The problem with labeling others negatively is that you can’t do very much about it. If you label somebody as irresponsible, stupid, clumsy, un-techy or un-sporty, there’s no room for improvement, no room for growth.

    It’s based on a fixed mindset, with no solution to the negative situation. But if you un-label someone and focus on their behavior, there is suddenly room for improvement. There’s suddenly an action plan that can be put in place.

    You can teach a person to use a fax machine, you can talk with them to not be late or repeat any other similar behavior, you can find a sport you dislike the least and start practicing it, and so on.

    Negative labels usually mark people with a negative characteristic that they can do nothing about. And that’s big distorted thinking in a negative way. Everyone can improve.

    Negative labels are a great way to create distance in relationships

    If a person has a low capacity for love, they strive to create distance even in the closest relationships. There is a subconscious fear of abandonment and even if distance seems like a good risk mitigation strategy, it’s not.

    The distance drives people away. In the end, they leave, doing exactly what we’re afraid of.

    There are many ways to create distance. Criticism, irresponsibility, passive-aggressiveness and a negative label, of course. Your mind can easily find one thing about your spouse, friend, relative, business partner or lover that you focus on and that irritates you every time you’re together.

    A small behavior, body part or something for which you can create a negative label and that goes through your mind over and over again. Well, not only in your mind, you throw it straight in the face of the people you love. You eat so fast, your gluttony is killing me.

    In reality, you’re probably only afraid of closeness, you’re afraid of accepting the other person as they are and having a close connection. A multidimensional connection. There is absolutely always a better solution than throwing labels in people’s faces.

    Labeling is nothing but an extreme form of overgeneralization that belittles you and others and destroys relationships. Don’t let your negative mind run on fear, trying to protect your ego with immature mechanisms.

    Humans do exist. But fools, losers and jerks do not. David Burns

    Remember, it’s probably not a characteristic, but rather a behavior that can be improved or changed; if the label is not only fiction in your head. Instead of labeling, try to accurately describe the behavior that bothers you, and figure out why with the 5-whys analysis.

    Then talk with the other person about it, in the most kind and honest way possible. And stop labeling yourself and others, it only brings negativity to your life and the life of others.

  • All-or-nothing thinking: It’s silly to expect you can have everything

    The all-or-nothing mindset (also known as polarized thinking, dichotomous thinking or “black‑and‑white thinking”) is a common thinking error that turns you into a bitter perfectionist who gets emotionally irritated by the smallest deviations from unreachable expectations.

    Since your expectations are completely unrealistic, and then life happens, you are constantly irritated, bitter and depressed.

    With all-or-nothing thinking, any small imperfection turns your life into a big drama. Many times, you even tend to blame yourself for it. And during the day, many imperfections always do happen.

    How good can you feel then about yourself and life? Once you become aware of your all-or-nothing thinking patterns and how silly they are, you can finally breathe easier and calm down.

    Practical examples

    Here are some examples of all-or-nothing thinking:

    • In partnership: You see your partner as perfect and you are so madly in love. They are smart, charming, caring, passionate … everything you ever wanted. Then one day they don’t call you or you have a little fight for whatever reason. And the relationship isn’t perfect anymore, it goes from everything to nothing. You start to dwell on how unlucky you are, you focus on your partner’s imperfections and how you don’t deserve real love.
    • In other relationships: The same can happen in every relationship … with your parents, kids, or friends. They might be wonderful, until they do the slightest thing that’s not within your expectations, and the value of the relationship falls to nothing.
    • At your job: You want it all, a high salary, good job, creative type of work, flexibility, the best coworkers, good bonuses etc. And then one single thing that doesn’t completely meet your expectations makes your job the worst job in the world.
    • In an exam: You provided really good answers to all of the questions in an exam, except one. But because of this one question, you feel horrible and ashamed, the examiner will see you for the fake you are or you might even fail the test.
    • Diet: You decide to follow a new diet. But because it’s so demanding, you only manage to follow it 90% of the time. But this 90% feels like you completely failed the diet, you’ll never lose weight and you feel like complete loser.
    • Different life situations: Travelling, wedding, almost any situation where you have unrealistic expectations. You expect your travel or wedding to be perfect, and then a mosquito bites you, and everything turns into the worst experience of your life.
    • How you see yourself: The favorite target of your mind is unfortunately you. Consequently, you are no exception in going from everything to nothing. For example, you might have a nice day and feel good, but then you make a small error at work, and suddenly you are worth nothing.

    When you mind is thinking in absolute all-or-nothing terms, usually words (absolute terms) like “always”, “never”, “every”, “nothing”, “either … or” are used. You don’t see things holistically, but only as right or wrong, good or bad, black or white and middle ground is not considered.

    All-or-nothing thinking usually comes with a “should” statement and strong feelings of self-blame. You convince yourself that things should be different (more perfect) and then on top of that, you often blame yourself for the situation.

    You focus on how your shortcomings, bad decisions, failures or mistakes have gotten you in such a horrible situation. You know that you are not good enough, that you don’t deserve things and that you’re a compete loser.

    Unrealistic expectations

    Everything starts with unrealistic expectations

    All-or-nothing thinking always starts with unrealistic expectations. You unconsciously set the bar so high, it’s simply unreachable. And then your mind keeps guard for any small deviation, an imperfection that happens sooner or later.

    When that happens, you are devastated and can’t believe how unlucky you are. But that’s only your mind trying to make your life miserable.

    It’s absolutely good to keep high standards and strive for the best, but at the same time you must keep realistic expectations. There’s no such thing as a perfect job, every job has its pluses and minuses.

    People do make mistakes, even you, and that’s pretty normal. All relationships have their ups and downs. Mosquitos do bite if you decide to go on a travel adventure during the summer.

    Making a fixed vision of how something must turn out perfectly, otherwise it’s worth nothing is a formula for making sure an experience will be shitty for you.

    Because even when the highest standards are met, you can always find some imperfections to dwell on. There can always be this one small thing that makes everything worthless. That kind of thinking can only bring misery to your life.

    Extreme form of thinking: I’m either a success or a failure. If I don’t do everything perfectly, then I’m a failure. An outcome less than 100% equals 0%.

    If you are wondering where that kind of thinking comes from, it’s very simple. You want everything to be perfect in order to be more loved, admired and accepted.

    And you assume that every small imperfection will put you on a judging stand, where people will gossip how unworthy of love you are. But that’s only your perception, because nothing was probably good enough for your parents.

    The problem is that in your mind, everything goes to nothing

    The problem with all-or-nothing thinking is going from 100% to 0% and then back to 100% and again back to 0% again and again.

    You swing from a perfect illusion in your mind until you find a small imperfection and then everything goes to nothing. When things calm down, you might go straight back to your illusion until you spot another imperfection.

    Everything is perfect, you had one little fight, and your mind is already at a breakup. You feel wonderful at your job, it’s perfect, it’s just that the salary could be 10% higher, and suddenly you’re dreaming of how much better other jobs must be and how unlucky you are.

    You have this good friend who never lets you down, and this one time they didn’t call, and you’re so mad at them, you never expected they can be so irresponsible. A mosquito bites you, a mosquito … on a dreamy Thai island and now your arm itches, how can you enjoy the view now …

    Sometimes in life, things do get shitty. Sometimes bad things do happen. Some things in life are unacceptable and can really throw you out of the center.

    But more often than not, your mind tries to convince you that things are much darker and terrible than they actually are. When that happens it’s time to stop your mind and enjoy life instead.

    If things go 80% your way on your wedding day, maybe that’s a realistic expectation. And for the other 20% you might just surrender and accept that not everything is under your control.

    The problem doesn’t occur if you see a few errors and try to correct them, or strive to make things even better the next time. The problem is when a person, situation or experience goes to complete shit, destruction, misery, worthlessness, devastation or ruin just because something (small) didn’t go as you expected.

    A small imperfection, and suddenly you don’t see the good things anymore. Everything is bad, black. All the pluses are gone. If you can’t have it perfect, you would rather have nothing. That’s not how life works.

    The gray areas where life unfolds

    It’s only your mind’s illusion that people would love you more if you were perfect. It’s only your mind’s dirty misconception that you can only be happy if you have the perfect job, the perfect wedding, trip, spouse, friends or anything else.

    You can be happy, even when life is not perfect. Because life rarely is perfect, since there are almost no absolutes in this world.

    No emotionally healthy person would expect you to be perfect. That can only be an expectation from people who suffer from the same cognitive distortions and people who are unhappy with themselves. As you are when you think in absolute terms.

    Perfect standards are shared only among unhappy people, your inner critic and probably your parents who were never satisfied. It’s time to take a step out of this vicious circle. It’s time to free yourself and be happy in all life’s imperfections.

    Every job has its pluses and minuses. There are always minuses present. Long working hours, long commute, boring work, average salary or whatever. You don’t have to suffer at a job you hate, but you can find a job that meets most of your standards and then simply enjoy your work. A small thing you don’t like is not a big enough reason to make yourself miserable at work.

    On every vacation, some things don’t go as expected. Maybe a hotel room is smaller than you expect, there are too many rainy days or your wallet gets stolen. These things happen all the time. But most of them can be solved quickly or should simply be accepted since they are out of your control, and then you can continue enjoying your vacation.

    And every relationship has its pluses and minuses. Every relationship has its ups and downs. And there is always some annoying behavior you don’t like about every single person. Being late, laughing too loudly or talking a little bit too much. But that doesn’t make a relationship worthless. That’s not something to fixate your mind on. Instead focus on all the positives.

    Life unfolds in the gray areas. There are no black and whites. Don’t bring things in your mind from everything, when they seem perfect, to nothing when the smallest thing doesn’t go according to your expectations.

    It doesn’t make sense to go from 100% to 0% when only 5% doesn’t go as you expected. Don’t go for perfect, go for good enough instead.

    All-or-nothing thinking

    In everything good, there is something bad

    You are probably familiar with the Yin and Yang symbol from the Chinese philosophy. The symbol perfectly illustrates the duality of life, how contrary forces are interdependent and interconnected, and how nothing can be perfect in the natural world.

    The only thing I would add are gray areas on the borders between the dualities.

    First of all, the good can’t exist without the bad. If you didn’t experience at least some sorrows, troubles and challenges, you simply wouldn’t know what good, smooth and awesome is.

    There is no light without dark. So, don’t expect only light. Expect life to happen as a whole experience, with all the good things and not-so-good things.

    Secondly, there is a little bit of bad in everything good and a little bit of good in everything bad.

    You can turn a disaster into a blessing (with a redemptive narrative), a tragedy into a comedy, and a problem into an innovative solution. Only a movie with a good complication is a good movie.

    On the other hand, soft times make soft people, too much chocolate will make you puke, and too much money can make you super lazy. There are no absolutes and perfections in life.

    Almost everything has its pluses and minuses. With everything that you experience, everyone you meet, there are some good things and some things not to your liking.

    Just make sure your mind doesn’t turn the whole Yin and Yang symbol into a big dark black hole because a small stain appears on your white canvas. If you let your mind escalate in such a negative direction, you’re definitely going to experience only misery in life.

    You must become mindful of when your emotional response is out of proportion in all-or-nothing a way.

    How to deal with all-or-nothing thinking – Thinking in shades of gray

    First of all, you must become aware of the big difference between when something bad does happen to you and you have every right to feel anger, sadness or any other negative emotions, and when a small irritation or imperfection turns your mind into a drunken negative monkey that tries to hurt you and everybody around.

    There’s a big difference between the following situations:

    • After dating a person for a few months, you realize they’re not the person for you, that you don’t fit together very well and it’s time to break up. It’s okay to be sad, but you know it’s the right thing to do.
    • You are dating for a few months and everything is going so well. You are crazy in love and happy, but then you have a small fight; or you find a small imperfection. For example, your music tastes differ. And then suddenly everything goes to nothing, you see only the dark in the person, your miserable love life, everything is so dark …
    • You were dating for a few months, things went really well, you were crazy in love, but then s/he cheated on you. You were so angry and disappointed and it hurt so much. You decided to break up, because cheating is unacceptable to you.

    It’s not hard to recognize the scenario in which all-or-nothing thinking is present. It’s the second one, of course.

    The first step to evict the all-or-nothing thinking error is to mindfully recognize when your mind is going crazy and takes something from 100% straight to 0%, just because of a small imperfection.

    Then you must decisively stop your mind:

    • Say to yourself: “I’m thinking in black and white terms, that’s “suboptimal thinking
    • Practice thought-stopping: Just say “Stop!” to yourself
    • Remind yourself that you’re not expecting perfect, just good enough
    • List all the positives of the situation or a person dear to you
    • Say to yourself that you’re going to be okay, even if you can’t control everything
    • Remind yourself that you don’t have to be perfect to be worthy of love
    • Analyze how your emotional reaction is maybe out of proportion and what’s a more proportionate reaction
    • Practice thinking in shades of gray

    The all-or-nothing mindset is a recipe for a miserable life. Don’t be trapped in your own unrealistic standards. Nobody is 100% right or 100% wrong.

    Cognitive behavioral therapist David D. Burns, author of the book Feeling Good, recommends that you practice a technique called “Thinking in Shades of Gray”.

    Try to evaluate a situation, person or anything that forces you into black-and-white thinking on a sliding scale from 0% to 100%. You will quickly realize that there aren’t many things that can be marked at 0%.

    You can’t be everything and you can’t be nothing. We are all somewhere in between. And I like you as you are, you don’t have to be perfect.

  • Fortunetelling, mind reading and jumping to conclusions

    Jumping to conclusions is one of the most common forms of negative thinking. The problem with this type of a cognitive distortion is that conclusions are in most cases negative; catastrophically negative.

    You usually jump to a negative conclusion without any justifiable facts of the situation or reality. In the next step, you start torturing yourself with how unlucky you are.

    The “Jumping-to-conclusions” mindset is like owning a crystal ball that predicts only misery. If you had such a crystal ball , what would you do with it? You would throw it immediately away, of course.

    So there is not a single reason to keep such a negative way of thinking in your mind. There are two types of cognitive distortive thinking where you automatically jump to a negative conclusion:

    1. Fortunetelling
    2. Mind reading

    Fortunetelling

    Fortunetelling

    The first type of jumping to conclusions is called fortunetelling. You anticipate that a specific situation will turn out badly, no matter what you do.

    You convince yourself that a negative outcome is an already established fact. You arbitrarily predict a poor outcome for you. No other option is possible. Period.

    When you jump to such a negative conclusion, you automatically become negative, depressed, anxious, sad or angry. Your mind is filled with negative thoughts that trigger severe negative emotions.

    Consequently you suffer, because the outcome in your head is not the same as you wish it would be.

    But what if I tell you that you very frequently jump to wrong conclusions. What if you’re making a typical fortuneteller error? You assume something will happen, but you only assume it.

    You don’t know it. You actually have no idea whether your predictions are true or not.

    Acting on a wrong assumption is the basis of all big fu*kups. And torturing yourself based on untested assumptions is the ugliest form of mistrust in yourself, life and your personal power.

    Bad things do happen from time to time (even to good people), but not as often as your mind would like you to think. And even more importantly, there is zero benefit to giving yourself a hard time before having all the facts. Simply because you are probably wrong!

    Practical examples

    Let me give you a few examples of fortuneteller errors I made recently:

    • I worked with a client who had some financial trouble. I was 100 % sure she will be late with the payment. I was even in a bad mood for a couple of hours because of it. She paid the invoice before the due date.
    • I had a medical checkup for a health issue. I had a really bad feeling about it. I expected the worst. I was so sure about my intuition. Deep down I felt like the bad outcome is something I have to experience to learn from it. I was so moody for a couple of days before the checkup. The results of the exam were perfectly fine. But I was so sure.

    There are many common forms of fortunetelling. An exam that you will fail even though you studied properly and prepared yourself, a parking spot that you will definitely not find, the new product that you’re about to launch and nobody is going to buy, the promotion that you will 100% not get, and so on.

    With fortunetelling, you’re torturing yourself based on assumptions that your negative mind made up. It has nothing to do with reality, at least until you gather all the facts and get proper feedback.

    And in 90 % of the situations, things that you worry about have nothing to do with reality.

    Mind reading

    Mind reading

    Mind reading is the second form of negative thinking when we talk about jumping to conclusions. If fortunetelling is about situations that you falsely assume will turn negative, mind reading is about untested negative assumptions about people.

    You assume people don’t like you, won’t respond positively to your suggestions and similar, even though your assumptions are only a negative construct of your mind.

    With mind reading, you are determined that you know how others are feeling towards you, even if they never said or did anything to that effect.

    In the end, you prefer to torture yourself in the negative belief rather than opening a conversation and figuring out what people really do think about you.

    Practical examples

    Let me give you a few common examples of mind reading:

    • You assume that she will definitely turn you down, before you even ask her out.
    • You assume that the client doesn’t want to work with you, before you even send an offer.
    • You assume nobody will like an article you just wrote anyway.
    • You assume that people are focused only on that one imperfection you have with your body.
    • You assume that some group of people doesn’t like you and they make fun of you.

    There are many other forms of mind reading. You believe people don’t respect you, that you’ll get automatically rejected or that others won’t respond positively to your needs. But the reality might be completely different.

    You don’t know for real what others think about you until you ask them. From time to time, some people might just not like you. And there are always some haters present in everyone’s life, especially when you stand up for something.

    But they can’t really hurt you, if you don’t let them. You always have the chance to focus on your supporters, and embrace and understand the haters. The only question is what you focus your mind on.

    The ridiculousness of mind reading is that you make assumptions about people before you even realize. You have no idea what is the opinion of another person, you only build a negative construct in your mind to feed your negative thoughts and emotions.

    You let your mind turn into your worst enemy. Wouldn’t you rather visualize positive things? Make sure your mind is an asset not a liability.

    Why do people visit fortunetellers?

    Fortunetelling is a big business. When your mind fantasizes about all the possible negative outcomes, you need to balance it somehow. You need reassurance that things are not that negative as your mind is picturing them for you.

    Then you visit a fortuneteller and they tell you (hopefully) that everything is going to be okay, one way or another. And negative thoughts slowly fade away.

    Finally, you can also see all the positive signs. Finally, you gain some trust in yourself and life. That’s why people most often visit fortunetellers.

    They have a great mistrust in themselves and life, and consequently they look for external confirmation that things can turn out positively. That gives them hope, and hope is what fuels a positive outlook.

    But having a fortuneteller is only a crutch with a short-term supporting effect. Your mind can go crazy again very soon and go back to dark interpretations of reality – by jumping to conclusions or any other cognitive distortion.

    That’s why people most often need to visit the fortuneteller over and over again. To calm down their insecurities. And that can be quite expensive.

    Consequently, a much better alternative is to slowly develop trust in yourself and life, build a superior life strategy, develop competences that match your challenges, and on top of that manage your mind properly. Once you learn to manage your mind, you don’t need external crutches anymore.

    Jumping to conclusions

    It’s time that you stop jumping to conclusions

    You don’t need to visit a fortuneteller to gain reassurance in yourself or life. All you have to do is to make sure your mind is not a negative crystal ball that only sees misery in your future.

    The best thing is that you can get rid of a big portion of anxiety and negativity, as long as you discipline your mind not to jump to conclusions. There are some simple exercises how you can achieve that.

    1. Check the facts

    The best thing to do, if possible, is to check the facts and see if reality matches the negative perception. You will realize that it does only sometimes, but most often doesn’t.

    When you see the reality undistorted, you don’t see only negatives, but also positives in your life.

    • You might get rejected from time to time, but there are many people who enjoy your company
    • Your article might not go viral, but there are absolutely readers who appreciate it
    • What about all the situations when you were lucky and found the parking spot before everyone else?

    Check the facts if possible. And make sure you check all the facts.

    Ask the person to grab a coffee with you. If you get rejected, find someone who is really your fit. Send an offer to a potential client. Send your resume to the company you want to work for. Publish that article. And so on. And do all these things several times before you draw any conclusions.

    Don’t assume negative outcomes, if in reality you have no idea what will happen. Instead just do a small manageable step, gather the feedback and adjust if necessary.

    Gather all the facts as soon as possible and stop torturing yourself with imaginary beliefs. Performing life experiments is a great way to manage insecurities and see uncertainty as a scientist whose job is to discover how reality really is.

    2. Practice thought stopping

    Every time your mind tries to take you to a dark place with a negative conclusion, stop it. Simply say “No!” straight back to your negative mind. Just say, “we don’t know that yet”.

    Remind yourself that your assumptions are not based on real facts, but just on negative beliefs. Don’t let your mind to turn into your worst enemy. Stop it at the first negative thought.

    In the beginning, you might have to do it hundreds of times daily. Your mind goes crazy and you say no. And again and again and again.

    In the beginning, you have to be strong, and make sure that you don’t let your mind off the leash no matter what. You have to be strong and defend yourself and reality. And the reality is that you don’t know the outcome yet.

    3. Remind yourself of past positive outcomes

    An additional exercise you can do to reframe your thinking in a more positive way is to find proofs of how your mind was wrong in your past. Remind yourself of all the situations where you got a positive response, even though you anticipated a negative outcome.

    A client said yes to your offer, a person positively responded to your invitation to go out, you got a lot of praise for something that you did, or things somehow turned out just fine when you assumed the worst.

    Remind yourself that your mind can overanalyze things and focus on the negatives, and that you won’t let it do the same this time. That should absolutely calm you down.

    From time to time, we all get some negative news, and in such situations you must act appropriately to minimize the risk and pain. But you need to get rid of the thinking that most situations in your life will turn negative.

    4. Practice trusting yourself and life

    The less you trust yourself and life, the more your mind jumps to negative conclusions. The less you trust yourself and life, the more you need external crutches that calm down your insecurities.

    The best and most permanent solution to discard jumping to conclusions is to practice trusting yourself and life. You must believe deep down that you’re going to be okay, no matter what happens.

    You must believe in your personal power that there is always a step forward you can make, there is always an alternative path to your goal, and there is a positive narrative to find in every negative situation.

    Practical examples

    Let me give you some examples of how to practice trusting yourself and life:

    • List all the ways how you can adjust your strategy or alternative paths to your goal when you hear a “no” from somebody.
    • Read forums to see what kind of positive things people found in tough situations similar to yours.
    • Develop a new set of competences that better meet the challenges that life throws at you.
    • Write down every single instance when your mind anticipated something bad based on false assumptions, and then the positive outcome happened. When you have dozens of such cases, you can slowly start to mistrust your negative mind and trust in yourself instead.
    Expectations vs reality
    Source: Wait By Why, Why Generation Y Yuppies Are Unhappy

    Unrealistic expectations – the other extreme

    Constantly jumping to negative conclusions is a nasty form of negative thinking. It’s a very common way of making one’s life miserable. It takes some consistent work on your mindset to get rid of such negative self-fulfilling prophecy.

    But while working on your mindset, you must be very careful not to go into another extreme; the extreme of having unrealistic expectations that everything will happen as you wish without any obstacles.

    The point of dealing with your mindset and negative thoughts is to see reality as it is – and then accept it, build and follow a superior strategy based on it, and finally start living a happy and successful life by mastering yourself and life’s rules.

    That means you don’t let your mind see only the negative, especially where there are no facts for it, but at the same time you also don’t sail away towards positive illusions.

    From time to time, bad things do happen. Sometimes you do get rejected. Most often it takes a lot more hard work than anticipated when you go after your goals or try to learn something new. And there are always some obstacles on the path of life.

    But much like there are obstacles on the road, so there are lucky breaks, progress and positive responses. Having realistic expectations and focusing on the positive, without jumping to any conclusions when you don’t have the facts, is the optimal way of thinking. Employ it!

  • How to become more assertive with a few simple exercises

    People who are naturally assertive had their needs properly met when they were young. Thus, they developed a sense of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, clear identity and great capacity for love. All that gives them the inner strength to go after their goals.

    Without a healthy upbringing environment that’s responsive to one’s needs, without strong role models and loving relationships in youth, it’s almost impossible to develop into a healthy assertive person.

    Unassertiveness is based on feelings of mistrust, shame, guilt, doubt, inferiority and identity confusion, or because your id (aggressiveness) or superego (passiveness) are too strong, as we have learned in the first part of the article.

    But even if you aren’t naturally assertive, you have the power to change that. And now, in the second part of the article, we’ll look at exactly how to do that.

    How to become more assertive

    The general overview of how to become more assertive

    If you want to be healthy assertive, you need a new mental and emotional framework that leads to rational behavior and assertive agency. To achieve that, you ought to:

    • Have optimistic expectations that the environment will respond positively to your needs, under three conditions:
      1. There is no need escalation (greed, gluttony etc.), inflation (neediness, lack of focus etc.) or perversion (weird fetishes etc.). Environment usually reacts negatively to these things.
      2. You clearly communicate your needs, since other people can’t read your mind.
      3. You know there will always be some some haters and blockers who will work against you. It’s part of the reality and how life is designed.
    • Not emotionally overreact in case of rejection or conflict. Rejection is unpleasant for everyone, but it shouldn’t catch you in a mental cage with emotional flashbacks. Many times people react positively to our desires and wishes, but rejections are also a normal part of life.
    • Easily find alternative ways of satisfying your needs when you can’t directly satisfy them – either by adjusting your strategy or through sublimation of needs. That’s something we’ll learn in this article.

    If you want to achieve such a psychological state, you must practice the courage to take initiative, develop a strong sense of trust in yourself and the environment, acquire a set of competences to match your desires and goals, and possess an abundance mindset to stay flexible about how you’ll satisfy your needs.

    Let’s look at a few steps (assertiveness exercises) for achieving all that.

    Wish list

    Step 1: Develop awareness of your emotions and desires

    First of all, if you want to be assertive, you must be as aware as possible of your needs and have a clear picture of your desires. If you weren’t raised in an environment where your major needs were met in a healthy and respectful manner, you probably have a tendency to repress your needs.

    Repression ensures that wishes incompatible with reality, your superego or any other impulses, remain unconscious or disguised. For example, you start believing you don’t need to be close to other people, that family members can’t hurt you if they’re mean to you, that serious relationships or kids are not something for you or that material life is unimportant. We all have the same needs and they can either be fulfilled or repressed.

    There are several things you can do to become clearly aware of your wishes and desires:

    • Go through all the needs listed in theories of human needs. As we said, universal needs are those we all have, you can’t escape from them, even if you’re in monk mode. Specifically list all the goals and desires you have based on different categories of needs. Make yourself a wish list and constantly add new things as you identify them.
    • Pay special attention to those universal needs that you think are not important to you. Examples are: I don’t care about money, it’s not important to me if people forget about my birthday, I didn’t want that promotion anyway etc. Many times, you use self-deception to make things that you want but don’t have less desirable (called “sour grapes” in psychology) and things that you do have but are not that important to you more desirable (“sweet lemons”). Start exploring why denial is present.
    • Prepare a vision list of everything you want to experience in life. Try to list every detail that you would like to have, do or create. Dream of having no financial boundaries. Pay special attention to the needs where there is inflation, escalation or perversion present.
    • Connect your severe negative emotions (anger, anxiety, depression, envy etc.) to the fear of your specific needs not being met. Try to take the analysis a step further and figure out which of your needs weren’t meet when you were a child and are now causing you emotional knots.

    Without knowing your needs, you have zero chances of living a fulfilling, joyful, happy and satisfactory life. So first identify your needs.

    Assetivness transfer

    Step 2: Identify areas where you are healthy assertive and where you are not

    Being healthy assertive is not an all-or-nothing personality characteristic. Usually there are some life situations where you are very assertive, and others where you’re not. For example, you might be very assertive intellectually, but a complete coward when it comes to talking to the opposite sex.

    In other words, take a list of the universal human needs and categorize them:

    • Needs that you have no problem meeting in a healthy and respectful manner
    • Needs with which you are under-assertive or over-assertive
      • You get aggressive in case of a conflict
      • You distract yourself with something else
      • You run away and isolate yourself
      • You automatically submit to others
    • Needs that you’re confused about, you have no clear emotional or behavioral pattern
    • Needs that you most probably repress (you can’t know that, but make a few assumptions about what kind of needs are being repressed based the universal human needs lists)

    There are also a few very common life situations where people lack assertiveness. As we said, that originates from shame, guilt, mistrust and feelings of low self-worth. Below is the table detailing where people usually have problems with healthy assertiveness.

    Under-assertiveness

    Over-assertiveness

    Physical space
    • Not taking up physical space with your body
    • Always withdrawing from other people
    • Letting people ahead of you in lines
    • Being afraid of protecting yourself
    • Bumping into other people
    • Cutting other people in lines and on the road
    • Physically threatening to other people
    Establishing new personal or business relationships
    • Being afraid of introducing yourself to new people
    • Being afraid of joining new social groups and meetups
    • Never making a cold call
    • Never writing cold e-mails for a new partnership
    • Weak handshake
    • Introducing yourself to everyone
    • Being at all social events
    • Bragging when you meet somebody new
    • Too strong handshake
    Intimate and sexual activities
    • Having no physical contact with people (except handshakes)
    • Staying in a friendzone forever
    • Never escalating to the first hug, first kiss and first sex
    • Not expressing what you like in bed
    • Hugging and kissing everyone
    • Having only sexual relationships with the opposite sex
    • Minding only your own sexual desires and needs
    Setting boundaries
    • Never saying no
    • Not telling your partner what you like or don’t like in relationships
    • Letting people talk bad about you
    • Creating distance with constant criticizing
    • Threatening with no
    • Controlling other people
    Public appearance
    • Being afraid of public speaking
    • Never asking a question in groups
    • Being ashamed of dancing
    • Hating your birthday party
    • Wanting to be in the center of attention all the time
    • Being loud and noisy just to get attention
    Authorities (formal and informal)
    • Never having a different opinion than the boss
    • Being afraid of public authorities
    • Always having a different opinion than the boss, no matter what s/he does
    • Working against the boss, as a matter of principle
    Money matters, sales and negotiations
    • Never asking for a raise
    • Invoicing less than you deserve
    • Never taking back the change
    • Being afraid of selling and marketing yourself
    • Never negotiating
    • Buying attention with money
    • Wanting to earn more than others no matter what
    • Always selling and marketing your skills
    • Always negotiating
    Creativity
    • Never sharing your ideas
    • Not doing anything creative
    • Never trying anything new
    • Seeing your ideas as the best
    • Doing everything for that “like” on social networks
    • Always going for new things

    You, you, you

    Me, me, me

    Find one or two situations where you are healthy assertive (not passive or aggressive) and all the situations where you’re not healthy assertive.

    In the next step, what you can do is to practice transferring your healthy assertiveness from one area to other areas where you have problems being assertive. You can model your assertiveness best in order to use it in all the life situations that require assertiveness. The best way to achieve that is with practice.

    Self-Exposure
    Source: GollyGforce – Living My Worst Nightmare

    Step 3: Face your fears and practice being assertive with moderate self-exposure

    The best way to become more assertive is to practice assertiveness. In situations where you are a wussy, it’s time to stand up, and in situations where you’re an asshole, it’s time to cool down.

    In a way, you must start performing experiments and see how your environment reacts when you’re being healthy assertive – considering your own needs and the needs of other people.

    As you will see, a few things are very likely to happen:

    • With new people, you will get a positive response more often than you think. If you don’t leave a big tip or if you ask a question or state your opinion, people won’t immediately dislike you. Your questions will be nicely answered and your food will still be served in a restaurant. Nothing terrible happens if you communicate your needs in a healthy way (as it might have in your upbringing environment).
    • From time to time you will get the cold shoulder or a negative response. But you will quickly see that rejections are not as painful as you imagine them to be in your head. With a fast “no”, you can move on and find people who better resonate with your true self. Rejection is also a form of an emotional flashback. You must become aware that you are not a helpless little child anymore, and that you are not in the same situation as you were when young. You have options now. With every emotional flashback you can also easier explore your past.
    • By practicing assertiveness, you’ll feel better in your skin. You’ll start to feel your personal power, you won’t feel guilt or shame when going after your needs, and your negative feelings will start to fade away.
    • In your existing relationships, some people will respect you much more if you become more assertive and consequently healthy relationships will become even stronger. People you have toxic relationship with might get confused and angry. But you don’t want to have toxic relationships in your life anyway.

    When you’re practicing assertiveness, start small. As an experiment, do a small assertive action that’s currently not something you would naturally do. A great example is advice for guys to become more assertive in dating. The most common advice is to start small with self-exposure.

    Practical examples

    Example of practicing assertiveness in case of dating for men:

    • Ask a girl you like what time it is
    • Ask ten girls what time it is
    • Ask a girl for directions and her opinion on what to do in town
    • Ask ten girls the same thing
    • Ask one girl for an e-mail, and then ten girls

    Exposure therapy is a very popular cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders. As part of the therapy, you’re slowly confronting the things that get you anxious. As you begin to face your fears, your anxiety naturally decreases during exposure.

    Below are a few ideas how you can practice exposure to develop assertiveness:

    • Join a meetup and introduce yourself to a few people
    • Say your first no; do it by e-mail if it’s easier the first time
    • Ask for a raise when you complete a demanding project
    • Don’t run away from conflict, but try to manage it
    • Find one thing you like about your boss and compliment it (if you dislike your boss)
    • Smile the next time somebody cuts you off

    A very important part of this step is to work on your communication skills. How you communicate your needs does matter a lot.

    If you don’t communicate them, people won’t know. Many times, we assume that other people know our needs, that they can read our minds. Well, people don’t. You can often be misunderstood as well. Good communication skills come with healthy assertiveness and vice versa.

    Assertivness killers

    Step 4: Pay attention to guilt and shame

    As we said, under-assertiveness is often based on guilt and shame, and over-assertiveness is based on need inflation and escalation. Guilt and shame are especially sneaky emotions. The purpose of guilt is to meet your moral standard. You feel guilty when you assume you’ve done something wrong.

    But false guilt, with an overly strong superego, is always looking for people to please and rules to keep. Shame is even worse. Feelings of shame are based on the belief that you’re bad, flawed and not lovable.

    With strong feelings of shame, it often even comes to emotional substitution, and you prefer to feel anger with other people rather than shame with yourself. If you are a very angry person, you probably have strong issues with shame.

    When practicing self-exposure before doing an assertive act, you will probably feel fear and doubt. But fears are the compass for where you need to grow in life, and doubt kills more dreams than failure or rejection ever will.

    Comfort learning panic zonesWith fear and doubt, you are constantly caught in an emotional cage. That’s not life but slavery. So expose yourself to the point where fear and doubt are still manageable. You must get yourself out of the comfort zone into the learning zone, not the panic zone.

    And after doing an assertive act, you will probably feel shame or guilt. You will feel like that because you assume it’s not okay to have your needs fulfilled. Deep down you think you don’t deserve it. That will happen, especially if you’re rejected.

    There are two things you can do. First, with every small exposure, you will feel less fear, doubt, shame or guilt. You will realize that it feels good to meet your needs and that it’s perfectly okay to do so. Thus, be patient and persistent and give yourself a tap on your back every time you expose yourself and show your vulnerability.

    Even more importantly, feeling shame or guilt is an excellent opportunity for self-reflection and healthy self-talk. It’s an opportunity to untie some of your emotional knots from the past. If you find that the feelings of shame, guilt or fear are too strong, you might even decide to enter a professional therapy.

    Anyway, there are several things you want to achieve with self-reflection:

    1. Reinforce the healthy belief that you have needs like everyone else and that it’s your basic right to meet them in a healthy and respectful manner.
    2. Dig deep why you really feel guilt or shame; what kind of errors were made in your upbringing that put a tough emotional burden on your assertiveness.
    3. It’s a great chance to talk back to your inner critic and practice self-mothering; in other words, you consciously decide to take good care of yourself and your needs.
    4. Acknowledge guilt or shame, make room for it, write down why it’s so tough, talk to other people and then let it go.

    But if feelings of shame, guilt (or even greed) are too strong, absolutely get professional help. There’s nothing wrong with that, all you want to do is to free yourself of the emotional cage.

    Exercise for assertivness

    Step 5: Work on your body language and do sports

    Your assertiveness is expressed not only with words, but even more so with your body language. That means that by improving your body language, you can also improve your assertiveness.

    As you probably know, your inner state and body language are closely connected. Next to that, your body language carries more than half of the influence of how you’ll be perceived (50 % what you say, 50 % your body language and tone of voice).

    Here is what healthy assertive body language looks like – you:

    • Feel comfortable taking space with your body
    • Keep a nice posture in a confident pose
    • Speak slowly with a relaxed and clear voice
    • Go for direct eye contact and smile
    • Listen and seek other opinions
    • Express your thoughts and emotions
    • Have physical contact with other people (when appropriate)
    • And when things get tough, breathe and calm yourself, other people and the atmosphere down

    You can always practice body language in the mirror or with your close friends. Rehearse and do role‑playing. Model people you admire. Read articles on body language. Improving your body language will have a great positive impact on your assertiveness.

    Besides paying attention to my body language, exercising has really helped me to become more assertive. I would say sport is the number one thing that helped me with assertiveness and finding the right balance between passivity and aggression.

    In sports, if you’re too aggressive towards your body, you get injured. And performing any sport, gets you out of a passive mode by default. So if you want to become more assertive, put on your trainers and get your ass to the gym.

    Exercising has also many other benefits. It’s the best way to stay healthy and prevent cognitive decline. Besides exercising, don’t also forget about a healthy diet and food supplements such as ActivatedYou, to achieve maximum overall wellness.

    Relationships with friends

    Step 6: Develop your social skills

    There is a basic, primal trust in yourself and life on the emotional level that you can only develop in your youth or over time with hard work on yourself in the adult age; and then we also have the trust that comes from mastering a specific skill.

    When it comes to assertiveness, social skills are the ones you need. The basic rule is that any skill can be developed. Logically, you can become more assertive by developing your social skills. It’s that simple.

    • Read 10 different dating books, if you’re afraid of speaking to the opposite sex
    • Join a public speaking course, if you’re terrified of public appearances
    • Practice negotiating with a friend, if you’re afraid of heated discussions
    • Study how to manage difficult people, if you have a difficult boss that makes you scared

    Leveling up your social game will greatly help you in becoming more assertive. Just because you’re not a born people person, it doesn’t mean you can’t become one.

    World of abundance

    Step 7: The abundance mindset

    The abundance mindset can also help you a lot with healthy assertiveness. Today we live in the best times ever, where your needs can be met in thousands of different ways.

    You can connect with so many people, choose so many different hobbies, there are so many ways of making money, and so on. Thus, most of the time there is no need for you to be in a huge conflict after all.

    The abundance mindset is defined by:

    1. Seeing all the possibilities the world has to offer in order to create, connect, grow and enjoy,
    2. knowing that you deserve love and prosperity, and
    3. realizing that if you’d experience only plentitude in life, it would be boring as hell and you wouldn’t appreciate anything you have at all.

    With such a mindset, you can always find a way to satisfy your needs, as long as you’re flexible enough. The opposite of the abundance mindset are the scarcity mindset and oneitis. The scarcity mindset means being focused only on what you can’t have, and not considering all the things you can have.

    Very similarly, oneitis means having an obsessive attraction towards only one person or thing, while completely excluding any other potential alternatives. That most often leads towards a big conflict, even though there might be no need for it.

    Here are the proofs of abundance:

    • There are around 7,000,000,000 people in the world, all of them your potential lovers, spouses, friends, social groups to join etc.
    • There is more than 4,000,000,000,000 USD in circulation (M0). Let’s not even mention all the virtual money and other material assets (land, gold etc.).
    • There are around 1,000,000,000 webpages and more than 130,000,000 books you can learn from – and more than a million books and new webpages are published every day.
    • Only in the UK, they throw away 7 million tons of food and drink every year. That was the first data I found online, I’m not singling out the UK for any specific reason.
    • There are more than 190 million registered companies you can work for in the world, 45,000 of them listed on the stock exchange.
    • There are more than 190 countries you can travel to and around 2,000,000 cities worldwide.
    • There are more than 200 different types of hobbies, more than 1000 different sports, more than 70 religions and belief systems, more than 30 different types of art, and so on.

    I think you can absolutely find a way to satisfy your needs in a healthy and respectful manner, but only if you decide to practice assertiveness and stay a little bit flexible. The other option that we’ll talk about is the sublimation of your needs. They’re both healthy possibilities when you can’t directly satisfy your needs.

    Successful conflict resolution

    Step 8: Make the 4F response work in your favor

    By becoming healthy assertive, you want to achieve that the 4F response to danger and conflict is working in your favor, not against you. When you manage to achieve that, the flight response ensures that you set boundaries and self-protection. The freeze response enables you to give up and quit struggling when there is no progress or when resistance is futile.

    Flight instincts lead to you disengaging and safely retreating when confronting life-threatening danger. And the fawn response enables you to actively listen, help others in trouble and make healthy compromises, while still minding your own rights, needs and beliefs.

    Here is the table showing how a healthy person uses the 4F response (and the list of unhealthy responses):

    Fight Flight Freeze Fawn
    Assertiveness Disengagement Acute awareness Love & Service
    Boundaries Healthy retreat Mindfulness Compromise
    Courage Industriousness Poised Readiness Listening
    Moxie Know-how Peace Fairness
    Leadership Perseverance Presence Peacemaking

    Source: Complex PTSD, page 106

    One of the best things you can do is to print out all these healthy behaviors and practice them. Make them your virtues. When you come into conflict, use one of the healthy responses from the table. Pay attention to your emotions and learn to express them in a healthy way.

    Sense of humor

    Step 9: Practice mature defense mechanisms

    In the end, there is no way that all of your needs can be met. There will always be some (primal) needs that can’t be satisfied due to reasonable superego restrictions or limitations of the real world. In such cases, there are several mature defense mechanisms at your disposal.

    The two most common ones are:

    • Sublimation of needs: With sublimation, unacceptable impulses or idealizations are unconsciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior. Your wishes are challenged rather than dammed or diverted. For example, you express your aggressiveness in sports and games, and your feelings are acknowledged, modified and directed towards goals. Sports, art, learning, there are many ways how needs can be sublimed.
    • Humor: Humor enables you to share emotion without discomfort, to regress without embarrassment, to play games with freedom, to laugh with impunity and to relax in total pleasure. Humor is a great way to deal with needs that can’t be satisfied.

    Other mature defense mechanisms that you can resort to are:

    • Acceptance
    • Altruism
    • Anticipation
    • Courage
    • Emotional self-regulation
    • Emotional self-sufficiency
    • Forgiveness
    • Gratitude
    • Humility
    • Modeling
    • Mercy
    • Mindfulness
    • Moderation
    • Patience
    • Respect
    • Tolerance

    Explore how to use them.

    The final thought on healthy assertiveness

    A healthy assertive person is a person who likes themselves as they are, has a strong sense of self and their autonomy, has no problems with their needs being met, knows how to express feelings, knows where they’re going in life and what they want, is not afraid of conflict, knows how to set boundaries, takes initiative and contributes creative ideas.

    That’s the sort of person you want to be; otherwise life will slip through your hands. Don’t keep yourself locked in a cage.

    • If you don’t raise your hand and ask a question, you’ll never know
    • If you don’t ask her (him) out, the answer is already no
    • If you don’t ask for a raise or promotion, you most probably won’t get it
    • If you buy love with money, people will never really love you
    • If you never say no, people will have zero respect for you

    There’s a little vulgar, but very illustrative quote (for men) that shows why you must be assertive in life: He who hesitates, masturbates. If you don’t act, nothing will happen. That’s for sure.

    You just have to realize that in the long run, the pain of doing nothing is much greater than the pain of being rejected from time to time. You want to have zero regrets on your deathbed.

    Here is a short summary how to become more assertive:

    1. Pay constant attention to your needs, wishes and desires. Be gentle and attentive towards yourself.
    2. Identify areas where you are healthy assertive and where you are not, and practice skill and mindset transfer.
    3. Face your fears and practice being assertive with moderate self-exposure. At every opportunity practice assertiveness by being in the learning zone.
    4. Lean to manage your fear, doubt, shame and guilt. Acknowledge them, make room for them, use them as a trigger for self-reflection and even more to reinforce healthy, assertive beliefs.
    5. Work on your body language.
    6. Start doing any type of exercise or sport immediately.
    7. Develop your social and communication skills.
    8. Walk proudly around the World with the abundance mindset and stay flexible how your needs can be met.
    9. When you come into conflict, use one of the 4F healthy responses.
    10. Sublime your needs – use humor or employ other mature defense mechanisms.

    By developing healthy assertiveness, you’ll feel more confident, your relationships will improve, negative feelings will go away and you’ll feel much better and happier in general. You know that it’s better to live a single day as a lion than years as a sheep.

    Most people die when they’re around 20 years old but are buried 50 years later; because they get caught in an emotional cage possessing no healthy assertiveness. Don’t be one of them, find the right balance between passivity and aggression. Now you have enough knowledge to become assertive in a healthy way. Apply it!

  • What is assertiveness and why you are not assertive enough

    Looking from a psychological perspective at life, we can say that the point of existing is to satisfy your needs. In your lifetime, there’s a constant flow of new needs, and your mission is to make yourself happy by satisfying them. It’s that simple.

    Nevertheless, your needs must be met in a healthy and socially acceptable manner and in an absence of any internal conflicts, which can often be challenging. That’s where healthy assertiveness comes into play.

    Unfortunately, healthy assertiveness is not as common as one would think. It actually takes quite a strong and emotionally sharp character to be assertive in a healthy way. You must trust in yourself and in the highly probable positive response that the environment will have to your needs; and in case if that doesn’t happen you must not overreact to a rejection.

    You must also be bold enough to act and go after your goals and desires, but on the other hand you must respect relationship boundaries and social norms that limit your immediate need fulfillment. There are many different forces to be considered and brought in line.

    It takes especially vigorous upbringing with the healthiest possible home environment and strong parental role models to develop into an assertive person. If you weren’t raised as a healthy assertive person, your needs are still there, but the path to their fulfillment might be questionable in many situations.

    Two very common examples of unhealthy ways of need satisfaction are to either suppress the needs (passivity) or satisfy them in an intrusive, social unacceptable way (aggression). Both ways backfire sooner or later and lead to more frustrations rather than enjoyment of life.

    Needs

    Self-restrictions

    Healthy assertiveness

    Social restrictions

    Finding a healthy way to satisfy your needs without unnecessary self-restrictions and by respecting social boundaries.

    In this article, we’ll go through a few psychological theories, exercises and practical tips that will help you become more healthy assertive and proactive. It’s quite a long article, but after reading it, I promise you’ll have a really good understanding of what assertiveness really means, why you might lack it and how to develop it as quickly as possible.

    The main topics we’ll cover are:

    1. The universal human needs you can’t escape from
    2. The personality fundamentals for human assertiveness
    3. The potential conflicts when it comes to satisfying your needs
    4. Healthy and unhealthy ways of need satisfaction
    5. Practical tips for becoming more assertive (Part 2)

    What is assertiveness

    The list of universal human needs

    The first important lesson when it comes to human assertiveness is that we all have several universal human needs, impossible to escape from. These needs turn into desires, wishes and goals, and are somehow either fulfilled, sublimated or repressed with defense mechanisms. Thus, it makes sense to have a really good overview of all the universal human needs.

    We know several main theories of human needs. They talk more or less about the same needs, but differentiate more on complexity, the assumptions of how the needs are interconnected (hierarchy, system) and how they change with age or other factors.

    There are four main theories of human needs that are good to know in order to understand what kind of needs exist in the heart of every human being. The following are the four main theories (among them only the first two are from scientific literature):

    1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
    2. Fundamental human needs theory
    3. Anthony Robbins’ Six Main Human needs
    4. Child’s developmental needs

    Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs

    The most known framework for human needs is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The biggest criticism of Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs is the hierarchy itself. Critics argue that there might not be such a hierarchy at all or that it can change under certain circumstances or even that it’s greatly influenced by age.

    But the point of this section of the article is to identify as many universal needs as possible, and Maslow’s pyramid gives us a great overview.

    Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

    BASIC NEEDS

    • Physiological needs: At the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy, there is the will to survive. For that you need shelter, food, water, and rest. Among the most basic needs, there is also the will to reproduce and spread your DNA – have sex, in other words.
    • Safety needs: This is then followed by the needs of basic security and acquiring resources. They enable you to make the step from surviving to thriving. Besides breathing and reproducing, you can also enjoy the material and social life.

    PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS

    • Belonging and love: We are social beings, so the next group of needs is about love, friendship and social connections that enrich your life.
    • Self-esteem needs: Besides belonging and love, we all need some form of recognition, respect from others, and a list of achievements. That’s the second category of psychological needs.

    SELF-FULFILLMENT NEEDS

    • Self-actualization: On the top of the pyramid is self-actualization, which accounts for achieving one’s full potential with creative and higher endeavors.

    In Maslow’s hierarchy, there are six different categories of universal human needs. These are all the needs you must and have every right to fulfill.

    Fundamental human needs theory

    Let’s move to the second theory. Manfred Max-Neef developed the theory of fundamental human needs and human-scale development. All the identified and presented needs are universal, which means they were present in all human cultures throughout history.

    The only thing that changed with time is how they manifest themselves through different kind of desires, and consequently strategies for how these needs are fulfilled vary between cultures.

    In Max-Neef’s theory there is no hierarchy of needs, yet they are put in an interrelated and interactive system with trade-offs and complementary fulfilments.

    Need Being (Qualities) Having (Things) Doing (Actions) Interacting (Settings)
    Subsistence Physical and mental health Food
    Shelter
    Work
    Feed
    Clothe
    Rest
    Work
    Living
    Environment
    Social setting
    Protection Care
    Adaptability
    Autonomy
    Social security
    Health systems
    Work
    Co-operate
    Plan
    Take care of
    Help
    Social Environment
    Dwelling
    Affection Respect
    Sense of humor
    Generosity
    Sensuality
    Friendships
    Family
    Relationships with nature
    Share
    Take care of
    Make love
    Express emotions
    Privacy
    Intimate spaces of togetherness
    Understanding Critical capacity
    Curiosity
    Intuition
    Literature
    Teachers
    Policies
    Educational
    Analyze
    Study
    Meditate
    Investigate
    Schools
    Families
    Universities
    Communities
    Participation Receptiveness
    Dedication
    Sense of humor
    Responsibilities
    Duties
    Work
    Rights
    Cooperate
    Dissent
    Express opinions
    Associations
    Parties
    Churches
    Neighborhoods
    Leisure Imagination
    Tranquility
    Spontaneity
    Games
    Parties
    Peace of mind
    Daydream
    Remember
    Relax
    Have fun
    Landscapes
    Intimate spaces
    Places to be alone
    Creation Imagination
    Boldness
    Inventiveness
    Curiosity
    Abilities
    Skills
    Work
    Techniques
    Invent
    Build
    Design
    Work
    Compose
    Interpret
    Spaces for expression
    Workshops
    Audiences
    Identity Sense of belonging
    Self-esteem
    Consistency
    Language
    Religions
    Work
    Customs
    Values
    Norms
    Get to know oneself
    Grow
    Commit oneself
    Places one belongs to
    Everyday settings
    Freedom Autonomy
    Passion
    Self-esteem
    Open-mindedness
    Equal rights Dissent
    Choose
    Run risks
    Develop Awareness
    Anywhere

    In the table, the being column is about attributes – individual or collective. The having column describes institutions, norms, mechanisms, laws and tools. And the doing column represents actions. The last, interacting column is about the time and space in which needs can be met.

    Anthony Robbins’ Six Main Human needs

    Anthony Robbins simplified the list of all the needs into six core ones. This can help us focus human needs into nicely presented groups we all long to fulfill:

    1. Certainty: The need for safety, security, comfort, order, consistency, control
    2. Variety: The need for uncertainty, diversity, challenge, change, surprise, adventure
    3. Significance: The need for meaning, validation, feeling needed, honored, wanted, special
    4. Love and connection: The need for connection, communication, intimacy, and shared love with others
    5. Growth: The need for physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual development
    6. Contribution: The need to give, care, protect beyond ourselves, to serve others and do good

    Child’s developmental needs

    Pete Walker wrote the book Complex PTSD: From surviving to thriving in which he nicely describes the perfect environment for growing up. It’s not a scientifically confirmed theory, but a very nice overview of what kind of nurturance a healthy environment should provide for a child.

    As we will see later, proper nurturance plays a great role in developing healthy assertiveness. That’s why understanding needs from the child’s perspective is even more important. Here are the child’s main needs and what kind of nurturance is needed to fulfil them:

    • Physical needs and nurturance – Offering the child affection and protection, healthy diet and sleep schedule, teaching grooming, discipline and responsibility. Helping a child develop hobbies, interest and personal style. Teaching them how to balance rest, play and work.
    • Emotional needs and nurturance – Huge amount of love, warmth, compassion and tenderness. Paying attention to the child’s emotions and welcoming their full emotional expression. Teaching them how to express negative feelings in a healthy way. Offering emotional protection. Also humor.
    • Verbal needs and nurturance – Having intellectual conversations with a child, giving positive feedback, praise, mentoring and encouragement. Also providing teaching lessons, reading them stories and answering all their thousands of questions.
    • Spiritual needs and nurturance – Showing the child that life is a gift, frequent exposure to nature, nurturing the child’s creative self-expression, offering spiritual guidance to help the child deal with painful aspects of life, developing strong self-worth, and we can also add help in developing basic goodness and a loving nature to the list.
    Physical nurturance Emotional nurturance
    • Affection and protection
    • Healthy diet and sleep schedule
    • Grooming
    • Discipline and responsibility
    • Hobbies, interests and personal style
    • Balancing rest, play and work
    • Environmental stability
    • Being emotionally invested in a child
    • Paying attention to child’s needs
    • Offering emotional protection
    • Love, warmth, compassion, tenderness
    • Welcoming full emotional expression
    • Expressing negative emotions
    • Humor
    Verbal nurturance Spiritual nurturance
    • Intellectual conversations
    • Reading stories
    • Positive feedback and praise (5 : 1)
    • Mentoring and encouragement
    • Teaching life lessons
    • Answering questions
    • Life is a gift
    • Frequent exposure to nature
    • Nurturing child’s creative self-expression
    • Guidance to deal with painful life aspects
    • Developing strong self-worth
    • Basic goodness and loving nature

    In summary, a child must know that somebody is emotionally invested in him/her. There must be a stable and predictive environment that encourages the development of physical, emotional, verbal and spiritual aspects of a child’s personality.

    A healthy environment leads to several underlying personality characteristics that are a prerequisite for healthy assertiveness:

    1. Optimistic expectations that the environment will respond positively to your needs
    2. Being emotionally stable so that you don’t overreact in case of a rejection or a conflict
    3. Easily finding alternative ways to satisfy needs when you can’t satisfy them directly (with sublimation, finding a new “win-win” situation etc.)

    If we summarize all the theories, we can list 15 main needs that all us humans share:

    1. Personal autonomy, individual style and following your own goals and desires.
    2. Access to clean water, healthy food, nature and a stable home that serves as a shelter.
    3. Regular sex and producing offspring.
    4. Structured daily life that provides basic discipline, and getting enough sleep.
    5. Protecting yourself and living in a safe, secure and non-abusive environment, fair treatment.
    6. Warm and loving personal relationships, several close friends and social connections
    7. Being able to express negative emotions in a healthy way and providing self-nurturing when life gets tough or you fail. You have the need to not be too tough on yourself.
    8. Being part of social groups that you find important and valuable, and consequently being respected and respecting others. Especially important is the need for praise.
    9. Owning things and acquiring enough assets for a secure and comfortable life; being paid fairly.
    10. Doing work you’re good at, providing value and achieving things important to you.
    11. Finding balance between work and play, having fun and enjoying life.
    12. Regular intellectual stimulation, getting an education, expressing your thoughts and opinions, acquiring knowledge and sharing it, and developing new skills.
    13. Being curious, experiencing new things, growing personally and going on adventures.
    14. Freedom of belief, religion and spirituality.
    15. Undertaking creative endeavors, building things, contributing to the society and leaving a legacy.

    These are the needs we all have. Most of these needs can be only satisfied in interaction with other people. But many times these needs get suppressed or expressed in an unhealthy way.

    If you say money is not important to you, that’s a sign of an emotional knot. If you feel alienated from all social groups, there’s big repression. If you don’t want to have offspring, there is probably some kind of emotional pain.

    You get the point. But why?

    Greed

    Escalation of needs and seven deadly sins

    If your needs are not met for a longer period of time, especially when you’re a child, the phenomenon of need inflation happens. In practical terms, there’s nothing that can quench your thirst.

    Deep down, your inner child (emotional self) longs to be cared for, has a constant fear of abandonment and his needs not being met. And that’s when needs turn from something that can bring pleasure in life into a painful burden. That can happen in four major ways:

    1. Need inflation: You have an uncontrollable number of wishes and desires, and that leads to lashing out or even confusion, competing commitments and a lack of focus.
    2. Need escalation: You want too much of one single thing as a surrogate for what you lacked in your youth or later in life (money, good, knowledge etc.).
    3. Need perversion: Needs get expressed through weird wishes and desires (weird fetishes, abuse etc.).
    4. Need suppression: It’s too painful to even admit to yourself that you have certain needs and desires.

    There are several very standard ways of need inflation or escalation, interestingly all of them part of the seven deadly sins:

    • Lust – intense or unbridled sexual desire
    • Gluttony – overindulgence and overconsumption of anything to the point of waste
    • Greed – intense and selfish desire especially for wealth or power (or today even knowledge)
    • Pride – excessive view of one’s self with no regard for others (greed for status)
    • Envy – resentful covetousness towards someone else’s traits or possessions

    The first lesson was that we all have universal needs. The second lesson is that if you aren’t properly nurtured as a child or if your needs are not met for a longer period of time, they inflate or escalate or get perverted or suppressed. At least until you become aware of them, and then satisfy or sublime them.

    But the main point is, that in need escalation state it’s almost impossible to be assertive, because you’re driven by fierce emotions, not logic. You can be passive or aggressive, but certainly not assertive.

    Conflict

    Conflicts when it comes to satisfying your needs

    Together with needs comes one more thing all human beings have in common – conflicts. The reason for that is, because most of the human needs can only be satisfied in interaction with other people and with not having any redundant internal brakes.

    A conflict arises when the fulfillment of needs is blocked or threatened somehow – internally (only in your head), externally (in interaction with other people) or even both.

    That can happen in many different ways. You can go to war with yourself with self-sabotage, doubts, false guilt, rigid morals etc. Other people can block or obstruct your agency. It can be socially unacceptable for your need to be satisfied. And in the end, there are many other outside forces that can prevent you from going after your desires. Conflicts are simply part of everyday life.

    In general, we know eight different types of conflict and they all somehow interfere with satisfaction of human needs (with examples):

    1. Man against self – having competing needs that can’t be satisfied at the same time or, as we’ll see, unbalanced id and superego
    2. Man against man – competing with others for the same reward
    3. Man against society – the desire to fulfill a need in a way that’s not socially acceptable
    4. Man against nature – natural disasters that endanger safety, diseases and similar
    5. Man against god/faith – when god doesn’t grant your prayers or diminishes hope
    6. Man against supernatural – dealing with life dimensions that can’t be explained
    7. Man against markets – financial or career losses because of market crashes
    8. Man against robots (with the rise of AI) – potential threat to our existence

    Every conflict can be resolved in four different ways, and that gives us the first definition of what assertiveness is:

    Conflict
    I win – You win I lose – You lose
    Assertive Passive aggressive
    I win – You lose I lose – You win
    Aggressive Passive

    In a way, being assertive means finding a win-win situation in a conflict that enables you to fulfill your needs, while minding other people and their needs. But that’s not the whole picture.

    The most interesting and complex type of conflict is the conflict within yourself. So let’s say a word or two about when and how you can turn into your own worst enemy when it comes to need satisfaction.

    Balancing id, superego and the outside world

    Freud, the most known name of psychoanalysis, defined three parts of a personality – id, ego and superego. The id is the source of your bodily needs, wants, desires, and primal impulses. It’s driven especially by your sexual and aggressive drive. You can imagine id as a child who wants to immediately satisfy all needs, no matter the consequences.

    The child (or id) is a hedonistic little fellow who wants to enjoy life, not minding other people and society. The id wants instant gratification and doesn’t have a moral compass. Id has zero issues with satisfying the primal urges in an uncivilized manner using aggression, force and violence. All that leads to hurting other people and the society as a whole.

    Safety is a very important need, and that’s why humankind strives to avoid war and violence. As we have seen throughout history, violence only creates more violence, and that brings a vicious circle of pain and destruction.

    That’s why several psychological and social mechanisms evolved or were invented over time with the goal of balancing these primal human urges. The goal of these mechanisms is to make the society more civilized and everyday life more human, far removed from the cruelty of the jungle.

    Id - Ego - Superego

    One psychological phenomenon that evolved in this matter is called superego. The superego reflects internalized cultural values and rules. It’s the moral compass that consists of ego ideals, spiritual goals and, more importantly, it has the power to prohibit the fulfillment of drives, feelings and actions.

    The main weapons of the superego are guilt, anxiety, inferiority and other forms of inner criticism. A too strong superego is a consequence of too rigorous upbringing.

    While the job of the id is to push us towards instant gratification of needs, the job of the super-ego is to make sure that it’s done in a socially acceptable way. The ego strives towards the self-ideal and social ideals without taking reality into account.

    The poor ego, which we so often like to blame, has to balance the id, the super-ego as a supervisor, and reality.

    To make things even more complex, the society has developed several other mechanisms to curb the aggressive impulses that are hurtful to the society. Examples of cultivation mechanisms are:

    1. Law, police and codes of ethics
    2. Trade – it’s cheaper to trade than to wage war
    3. Religion and spirituality
    4. Technology that provides surveillance, transparency etc.
    5. Culture, role models and similar

    Ego traps

    We love to blame the ego for many things. But the table above shows very nicely what a hard job the ego has. It must balance all one’s needs while being constantly supervised by the superego, mind a bunch of social restrictions, and face the limitations and hardships of reality (natural disasters, market crashes etc.). Not to mention that there’s competition out there for the same resources.

    The superego is involved in the experience of guilt, perfectionism, indecision, preoccupation with what is the right or wrong thing to do, and hence plays an important role in the aetiology of some forms of depression, obsessional disorders and sexual problems. (Source: Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Contemporary Theory and Practice)

    As we’ll see later, properly balancing all these forces is the foundation for healthy assertiveness. The solution is that the ego has to be strong enough to balance the id and superego. That’s how internal conflicts are avoided. But when the ego is not strong enough, the internal forces lean towards one direction or the other. That’s when problems with healthy assertiveness start.

    Too strong Id

    Too strong super-ego

    Turning against the society

    Turning against yourself

    Defense Mechanisms

    Too strong id or superego result in two potential unhealthy ways of need satisfaction. One is turning against yourself (with impossible standards and self-restrictions) and the other is turning against the society (with hurting others). And when the ego can’t find the right balance or a healthy way to satisfy a need, it turns to mechanisms of defense and toxic ways of need satisfaction.

    False guilt is always looking for people to please and rules to be kept.

    But balancing id and superego is only one part of the problem. The second part of the problem are psychological conflicts that naturally occur in different stages of development. If these conflicts are not successfully resolved, there is no healthy foundation for the assertive agency. To understand that, we have to turn to Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Theory.

    The developmental crisis and fundamentals for human assertiveness

    There are eight stages of psychosocial development and a successful completion of each stage results in an emotionally healthy person who knows how to be assertive. Unfortunately, if you don’t successfully complete one stage, your ability to overcome the following stages is reduced and the emotional maturity you need for healthy assertiveness suffers even more.

    The good news is that you can later resolve the stages that you didn’t successfully complete while growing up, as long as you decide to put in the effort. The eight stages of psychosocial development are:

    Stage Age Conflict / Crisis Resolution / Virtue
    1 Infant – 18 months Basic trust vs. Mistrust Hope
    2 18 months – 3 years Autonomy vs. Shame Will
    3 3 – 5 years Initiative vs. Guilt and Doubt Purpose
    4 5 – 13 years Industry vs. Inferiority Competence
    5 13 – 21 years Identity vs. Confusion Fidelity
    6 21 – 39 years Intimacy vs. Isolation Love
    7 40 – 65 years Generativity vs. Stagnation Care
    8 65 and older Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom

    If you look at the table above, you can quickly see what kind of developmental conflicts need to be resolved for you to turn into a healthy assertive person. You need to trust people around you (your environment) that your needs will be considered and fulfilled, and that people will respond positively to your expressed desires.

    You must see yourself as an autonomous person who deserves to have their needs satisfied and to go after personal goals. Then you must take proper initiative and develop the competences to the point where they match personally set challenges. In the end, you must also develop a clear identity of who you are, what your higher self-actualization needs are and how you’ll satisfy them.

    On the other hand, if you don’t trust yourself and other people, if you’re burdened by shame, guilt and doubt, it’s very hard to go after your needs and goals. Either you find a way to not act, or you resort to unhealthy behavior in hopes of protecting your emotional self.

    A failure of parental empathy, leading to disruption of a coherent sense of self and the emergence of ‘disintegration products’ in later life such as aggression, or attempts at self-soothing through addiction, compulsive sexuality and even self-injury. Source: Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Contemporary Theory and Practice

    Based on that, we can draw a very simple conclusion:

    • Assertiveness: Is based on feelings of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, clear identity and great capacity for love.
    • Non-assertiveness: Is based on mistrust, shame, guilt, doubt, inferiority, confusion, isolation
    • External conflicts: You must find a way to win-win situations
    • Internal conflicts: You must properly balance ego and superego

    Now we know all the developmental factors that are the core source of nonassertive agency:

    1. Need inflation, escalation, perversion or supression because of neglect of child’s needs
    2. Unbalanced ego, with too strong/weak id or superego – too rigorous or loose upbringing
    3. Unsuccessfully resolved developmental crisis

    Any of these situations leads to overly strong defense mechanisms (which are a too complicated subject for an already long article) and the four very nonassertive ways of need satisfaction.

    Agressive and Passive Behaviour

    The four toxic, nonassertive ways to need satisfaction in relationships

    There are four very general ways how you can act unassertively especially in interaction with others and consequently go against yourself, the society or most often both. The four ways are based on the 4F primal response mechanism.

    The fight/flight/freeze/fawn (4F) response is a normal human reaction to any danger (and conflict is danger). They are the tools you have at your disposal when you encounter a threat and need to protect yourself.

    Since you can easily get yourself into an (internal or external) conflict when it comes to satisfying your needs, you can just as easily resort to one of these unhealthy responses.

    We’re talking about an automatic response to a conflict, not something you consciously choose. The table below shows all the different toxic and nonassertive behaviors based on the 4F response.

    Fight Flight Freeze Fawn / Needy
    Narcissistic Obsessive-Compulsive Dissociative Codependent
    Explosive Panicky Contracting Obsequious
    Controlling / Enslaving Rushing or worrying Hiding Servitude
    Entitlement Drive-ness Isolation Loss of self
    Type-A Adrenaline junky Couch potato People-pleaser
    Bully Busyholic Space case Doormat
    Autocrat Micromanager Hermit Slave
    Demanding perfection Perfectionist Achievement-phobic Social perfectionist
    Sociopath Mood disorder-Bipolar Schizophrenic D.V. Victim
    Conduct disorder ADHD ADD Parentified child

    Source: Pete Walker (2013), Complex PTSD, page 107

    All the nonassertive acts originate either from mistrust, lack of autonomy, shame, guilt, doubt, inferiority, identity confusion, isolation (as we’ll see) or need inflation and escalation.

    The false underlying belief (or more exactly emotional hope) is that any such behavior, which you don’t even see as toxic, will provide you an emotional safety net. You assume that you can’t be hurt if you act in a nonassertive way.

    Examples of false underlying beliefs or bogus emotional hope:

    1. Control over people – and with control comes false emotional safety
    2. Perfectionism – in hopes that you will be more lovable
    3. Distraction – with the goal of running away from your real needs and feelings
    4. Create distance in a relationship – and thus avoid being hurt
    5. Codependency – to create a false feeling of safety by serving others

    In reality, you achieve the opposite effect from what you hope will happen. In false hope of protecting yourself, you simultaneously repress your real needs. With the fight response in any conflict, you push people far away from you, usually with anger and controlling demands.

    The flight response leads to distance in relationships, usually achieved by being busy. You try to become perfect, while running away from relationships and your own needs. The freeze response creates false safety with isolation and platonic online relationships. And the fawn response creates a fake feeling of security by over-focusing on other people’s needs, or even merging your own needs with those of other people.

    These are all nonassertive behaviors. The ego wants to protect you, and has to make a compromise in which your other universal and basic needs are not met.

    Defense mechanisms

    In the end, I also want to mention defense mechanisms, which play a huge role in needs satisfaction. The point of defense mechanisms is to minimize conflicts, reduce tension, regulate self-esteem and avoid danger, anxiety and displeasure.

    These defense mechanisms work on the unconscious level and play an important role in character formation. Psychoanalysis knows three types of defense mechanisms:

    • Primitive: Autistic fantasy, devaluation, idealization, passive-aggressive behavior, projection, projective identification and splitting.
    • Neurotic: Condensation, denial, displacement, dissociation, externalization, identification of the aggressor, intellectualization, isolation, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, reversal, somatization and undoing.
    • Mature: Humor and sublimation.

    A summary – what is assertiveness?

    In summary, assertiveness means being self-assured in everyday life, without behaving aggressive or passive, with the goal to meet all of your needs in a healthy manner.

    That can be achieved only if the following conditions are met:

    1. You are consciously aware of the majority of needs you have. It’s quite a long list of needs that we all humans share.
    2. If you were not properly nurtured as a child, there is a great chance that your needs somehow inflated, escalated, get perverted or repressed. They most often inflate as greed, gluttony, or any other deadly sin. But they are only poor surrogates for love, affection and closeness. You can’t be healthy assertive in such a state.
    3. The needs are best met in interaction with other people. But many times, that’s not possible, which leads to a conflict. A healthy assertive person looks for a win-win situation in a conflict.
    4. There are four types of un-assertive behavior in interaction with other people, based on the 4F response mechanism to danger (or a conflict). You either become aggressive (fight), passive (freeze), you run away from a conflict (flight) or submit to other people (fawn).
    5. The needs are also best met in an absence of any internal conflicts. That’s not possible if id or superego are too strong. False guilt, based on too strong superego, is always looking for people to please and rules to be kept.
    6. Assertiveness is based on feelings of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, clear identity and great capacity for love. Non-assertiveness is based on mistrust, shame, guilt, doubt, inferiority, confusion, isolation.

    Now I hope you understand very clearly what assertiveness really is. Thus, let’s move to the second part, how to become more assertive (the article will be published in a few days).

  • Tips for improving your English speaking skills and pronunciation

    I’ve been blogging in the English language for more than three years now (one year full time). I wrote more than 1,000 pages in English, which equals more than 5 books. I’m not writing this to brag, but to tell you about my tough beginnings as a writer, since English is not my mother tongue and I’m not particularly talented for languages.

    I vividly remember when I decided to write my first English blog post. After writing a single page, my head hurt like hell. My brain was obviously overclocking. It took me a few months to train my brain to write one or two pages without feeling overwhelmed, constantly looking in a dictionary and rewriting sentences over and over again.

    Only now, after several years, can I write for a few hours straight without any struggle. With time, I improved my writing skills and the brain capacity to the point where I can write a well‑structured and quality blog post quite quickly. All my blog posts are still copyedited, since grammar is not my forte, but my overall improvement is colossal.

    Currently a new challenge awaits. I’m preparing my first online courses. And guess what, courses are based more on audio and video materials than text. I already have my courses outlined and several scripts ready but when I decided to practice the scripts, a big realization occurred to me.

    Learn English

    Your writing, reading and speaking skills are not all the same

    If you want to improve your writing, you need to write a lot. If you want to improve your reading and comprehension skills, you have to read a lot. But reading and writing don’t automatically lead to an improvement of your speaking and pronunciation skills. That was quite a hurtful realization for me.

    Guess what, after practicing one page of the transcript for the online courses, my head soon starts hurting badly; even though I wrote thousands of pages in the past and can write for hours straight. My tongue constantly gets entangled and my pronunciation feels quite terrible. I’m in a very similar position as I was when I decided to create my first text in a foreign language. And it sucks big time.

    If I want to produce the courses, there is only one thing for me to do – improve my English speaking and pronunciation skills. I got a pronunciation coach and did big research on how to get better at speaking in particular.

    In this blog post, I want to share everything that I learned about improving speaking and pronunciation skills, and my personal improvement plan. I’m going to focus on a few key techniques that I’ve chosen in order to progress as quickly as possible.

    We already got to the first lesson. Writing and reading definitely help improve your overall English skills, but if you want to get better specifically at speaking and pronouncing, you must do a lot of deliberate practice exclusively for speaking and pronouncing. Writing, speaking and reading skills engage different parts of your brain.

    Improve your English pronunciation

    Tips for improving your English speaking skills

    Let’s start with tips for improving English speaking skills in general, without any focus on pronunciation and then continue with that. There are several sub-skills that you want to master when it comes to speaking:

    1. Switching from one language to another without getting confused or needing warm-up
    2. Learning how to speak clearly and fluently without any stopgaps
    3. Using contextual standard expressions in everyday situations
    4. Speaking for hours without losing focus
    5. And then of course perfecting your pronunciation

    Let’s go to some very useful tips and tricks for achieving that.

    Find language buddies and do international work

    The first rule of improving your speaking skills is to speak English as much as possible. You must practice language at every single opportunity. Finding language buddies in your professional and personal life is a great way to achieve that. Your goal should be to find people who speak much better than you are.

    You won’t believe it, but I convinced several of my friends that we text and speak only in English, even though we share a mother tongue. I wish I could convince more people, but not many are that motivated to improve their language skills. Nevertheless, if you find a few buddies you can talk with in English on a daily or at least weekly basis, that’s a very good start.

    Open your e-mail or messenger and immediately ask a few of your close friends if they’re prepared to communicate only in English with you to practice.

    In business, the best way to practice English is to engage in international projects. That is also one of the reasons I decided to start with (a very limited) amount of international coaching sessions. Not only am I extremely good at coaching and can help people, it’s also a great opportunity for me to practice speaking English as much as possible.

    I’m sure there are many possibilities how you can seize a similar opportunity at the work you do. Propose new international projects at your company, join international business clubs or enroll to seminars in English, you can make new international business partnerships, and so on.

    The bottom line is: you must practice speaking English at every opportunity possible, on a daily basis.

    Start recording videos or audio podcasts

    I have a friend who commutes to work and back for 30 minutes every day. While driving, he records an audio file in English for his wife, explaining many different topics and thoughts.

    When he told me about this practice of his, I was really impressed. What an awesome idea. In 6 months of daily practice, he dramatically improved his English speaking skills.

    I’m going to do a very similar thing. For most of my articles, I will:

    • Prepare a summary in a short audio or video file
    • Read complete articles out loud
    • or prepare a few bullet points from an article and speak freely

    You can do pretty the same with any material you like. It makes me puke (mom’s spaghetti) to just think about it. But I have a very strong why to do it (I have to publish those online courses), and nothing is going to stop me.

    The plan is to make quite long audio files to train my brain to speak in English for long hours without getting tired. Much like I did with writing. Just please don’t laugh when listening to my podcasts. If you’re bold enough, start a podcast or a YouTube channel of your own.

    Practicing speaking English

    A list of standard phrases and thinking in English

    I struggle quite a lot with switching from one language to another when speaking. It also takes me some time to warm up when changing the language. I hate that. As help, I’m preparing a list of very standard phrases I use in most of my conversations – interrogatives, conversation openers, responses and personal presentations.

    The phrases should also serve as anchors for immediately switching from one language to another. The main idea behind it is to not understand only what a certain English word means, but to add phrases to my vocabulary.

    One more thing I will do is to think exclusively in English. No matter where I am and who I’m talking with, and especially when I’m alone talking to myself, only English will be present in my mind.

    Tips for improving English pronunciation

    You can be a fluent English speaker, but your accent can still be very strong and wrong. To improve such a drawback, you have to additionally focus your efforts on improving pronunciation.

    There are several sub-skills when it comes to pronunciation:

    • Pronunciation is not only a brain, but also a physical skill, thus you have to learn how to correctly move your jaw, lips and tongue
    • Pronouncing difficult sounds of the English language
    • Giving proper syllable stress within words and sentences
    • Avoiding error patterns common for different non-native English speakers
    • Practicing sounds that you personally find difficult to pronounce

    Get a pronunciation coach

    The best thing you can do is to get a pronunciation coach, at least in the beginning. Or you can even get an English tutor to help you improve your English on all levels. You can find many good English tuition services – global or local ones (here’s an example of a specialized English tuition service in Singapore. You can find a similar service in your own country).

    I just started working with a pronunciation coach and the lessons are really valuable. You get immediate feedback on your speaking and that allows you to avoid any reinforcement of the wrong pronunciation.

    A good pronunciation coach can push you to the limits of your abilities, prepare a good learning plan for you, and most importantly, you can repeat phrases and sentences after the coach several times until you get it right. Human see, human do. If you have the financial resources to hire a good pronunciation coach, you will absolutely progress the fastest.

    Frank is my English pronunciation coach and I highly recommend him:

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    The shadowing technique: Model the speakers you like by recording yourself

    The second-best way to learn proper pronunciation is to model native speakers who have a speaking style very similar to yours (in your mother tongue). Their overall speaking style must be something you believe you can also achieve.

    I analyzed several speakers to find the ones I can model. For example, Tony Robbins is way too energetic for my style. Tim Urban speaks too fast and in a very comic way, which is completely not in my character. Tai Lopez is too spontaneous and entertainment-oriented. I deeply respect all these speakers, but there’s no way I can model them.

    But there are two authorities that I find very close to something that I could achieve – Ramit Sethi (I will teach you to be rich) and Chris Goward (Wider Funnel). These are the two speakers I decided to model.

    When you find an appropriate model, make sure you’re copying them the right way. What I’m going to do is to take short paragraphs of the transcript from their online courses and record myself pronouncing the same transcript.

    Then I’m going to compare my speaking and pronunciation to theirs. Besides that, I’m going to watch all their video and audio material that I can find. It will also be very educational.

    I know, the shadowing technique might sound like weird stalking, but you have to see it more as the ultimate form of praise and compliment. You’re struggling and putting in the effort to master a skill on the same level as one of your role models.

    Demosthenes, one of the great orators of ancient Greece, brushed up on his speaking skills by putting stones in his mouth while talking to the waves during a storm. That forced him to work very hard on getting the right sounds out. That was incomparably more odd than modeling successful people is. Well, you can also try speaking to the waves.

    Listen to English materials

    There’s a quote saying that before you learn how to speak, you have to learn how to listen. Practicing listening skills can actually help more with improving your speaking skills than reading can. Thus, it makes sense to practice English listening skills at every possible opportunity.

    Here are a few ideas how you can practice listening skills:

    • Listen to podcasts – while you drive, walk, cook and at every other possible opportunity
    • Watch movies, TV series and online courses without any subtitles, English or otherwise
    • Mind the lyrics when you’re listening to music. Singing along can also help.
    • Watch interviews, TED talks, sometimes maybe even reality shows with native speakers

    When you’re listening to English materials, make sure you pay attention to word and sentence stresses, intonation and how the words are linked together into phrases or sentences.

    English pronunciation - Mouth Alphabet

    Practice your physical tongue skills

    There are many situations in life where the tongue plays an important role. For example, when it comes to food tasting. What else did you have in mind? ;) Proper pronunciation is no exception.

    As we said, proper pronunciation is a physical skill to some extent. You must know where to put your tongue to make the right sound (or phoneme). The science behind that is called phonetics. Interestingly there are 26 letters in the English alphabet, but 44 different sounds.

    Let me give you a few examples:

    • To properly pronounce “th” (as in “think”), you really have to put your tongue out
    • To make the proper “v” sound, you have to put your upper teeth lightly against the bottom lip
    • To make the “l” sound, your tongue must touch the back of your front teeth
    • To make the “r” sound, you must pull your tongue back and not touch the top

    The best way to practice proper physical pronunciation form is to exaggerate a little bit at the beginning. And you have to practice it daily.

    Practicing minimal pairs is a good exercise to better understand the different movements you have to make with the tongue. Minimal pairs are all the words that are different only by one sound and have two distinct meanings (it and eat for example).

    Phonemic Chart - 44 sounds

    The best pronunciation resources

    Last but not least, it’s worth it to follow the best pronunciation podcasts, videos and courses. If you are extremely motivated, buying a book with audio files might also be a good option. But when it comes to online resources, here are a few suggestions:

    Summary of the tips for improving English speaking skills and pronunciation

    Soon after I started writing this English blog and wanted to improve my writing skills fast, I wrote an article on how to improve your English skills. In the article, my main suggestions are:

    • Surround yourself with English: Your computer operating system, mobile phone, applications, TV, choose the English language wherever possible.
    • Read exclusively English texts: Subscribe to blogs, newsletters, buy English books etc. Mix light reading with heavier English literature that’s at the limit of your comprehension abilities.
    • Get speaking buddies: Agree with friends who are better in English than you are to speak and text exclusively in English. They might resist, but I’m sure you’ll find at least one speaking buddy.
    • Get dead serious: Buy yourself a book of grammar, vocabulary, idioms or any other part of the English language and start studying. Take a whole week off and instead of going on vacation, dedicate your free time to improving English.
    • Other recommendations: Join (online) courses or English debate clubs, travel to English‑speaking countries as many times as possible, listen to English audiobooks and podcasts, etc.

    Now that I’m focusing exclusively on improving my speaking skills and pronunciation, there are some additional recommendations that I decided to follow. I’m sure you’ll find several ideas how you can also improve you English speaking and pronunciation skills. I will …

    1. Start with international coaching sessions to actively speak English at least one to two hours every day.
    2. Record audio or video materials for my blog posts – reading them out loud or preparing shorter summaries. I will torture myself by listening to them and paying attention to the errors I make. And I’ll have to record materials for the online courses, of course.
    3. Prepare a list of standard phrases that can help me switch between languages faster or that I can use in pretty common everyday conversations. It’s about adding expressions to my vocabulary.
    4. Think exclusively in English.
    5. Shadow two selected speakers by modeling their pronunciation and style – comparing my recordings to theirs for the same text.
    6. Continue to work with my pronunciation coach to get additional guidance and immediate feedback on my pronunciation.
    7. Stop watching any videos with English subtitles and practice listening skills at every opportunity I get (podcasts, music etc.).
    8. Do all the tongue exercises, get to know 44 different English sounds, and practice word and sentence stresses and speaking fluently.

    If you also have a plan to improve your speaking and pronunciation skills, I wish you the best of luck. Well, you don’t need luck, just a lot of smart practice.